These routes were all located on the geographical edge of the QTP. People from the Northeast QTP reached the Silk Roads via other roads, such as those going through Gansu province (Zhangye county and Tunhuang county) and Xinjiang province (Ruoqiang county) ( Fig 1). This is the evidence of communication between China and the west.), silk fabrics, tea leaves and Eurasian steppe-style rock painting, researchers have inferred that during the Han Dynasty (202 BC), people from the Southwest QTP reached the Silk Road through Xinjiang province (Yutian county). Using archeological evidence like bronze-handled mirrors (Archaeologists determined that such bronze-handled mirrors were introduced into the Tibetan Plateau in the early metal ages from West Asia and Central Asia. Due to the harsh natural environment of the QTP, early trade routes existed around the margins of the QTP and historical and archaeological evidence (e.g., human activities, wheat and barley crops) from along these trade routes can be traced back to prehistoric times. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is a key region connecting all of East, Central, West, and South Asia owing to this geographical fact, this region has become the core of the Belt and Road Initiative. Through this network, China has conducted extensive cultural and economic exchanges with Central, West, and South Asia. More specifically, the Overland Silk Roads (OSR) is a complex trade network that was formed by uniting large trading centers along with ancient transportation routes. The Belt and Road Initiative is designed to bean open, international network of cooperation and is becoming a multi-nation platform for exploring new mechanisms of international economic governance. Moreover, we argue that the warm and humid climate and the human migration to the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau were the fundamental driving forces for the formation of the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road. However, there was a certain deviation between the key points recorded in Tibetan section and the simulated route we found that the reason is the relative oxygen content (ROC) became a limited factor of the choice of the Tibetan section road. We then compared the locations of known key points documented in the literature, and found a significant correspondence in the Qinghai section. Considering the Complex geographical and environmental factors of inner Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, we constructed a weighted trade route network based on geographical integration factors, and then adopted the principle of minimum cost and the shortest path on the network to simulate the ancient Tang-Tibet Ancient Road. As the only route formed in the inner Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the Tang-Tibet Ancient Road promoted the extension of the Overland Silk Roads to the inner Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
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