Since glucose is a basic necessity of many organisms, a correct understanding of its chemical makeup and structure contributed greatly to a general advancement in organic chemistry. The earlier notation according to the rotation of the plane of linearly polarized light ( d and l-nomenclature) was later abandoned in favor of the d- and l-notation, which refers to the absolute configuration of the asymmetric center farthest from the carbonyl group, and in concordance with the configuration of d- or l-glyceraldehyde. In contrast, l-fructose (a ketohexose) and l-glucose turn linearly polarized light to the left. Friedrich August Kekulé proposed the term dextrose (from the Latin dexter, meaning "right"), because in aqueous solution of glucose, the plane of linearly polarized light is turned to the right. Glucose is the term coined by Jean Baptiste Dumas in 1838, which has prevailed in the chemical literature. Glucose was discovered in grapes by another German chemist – Johann Tobias Lowitz – in 1792, and distinguished as being different from cane sugar ( sucrose). Glucose was first isolated from raisins in 1747 by the German chemist Andreas Marggraf.
The suffix " -ose" is a chemical classifier, denoting a sugar. The name glucose is derived from Ancient Greek γλεῦκος ( gleûkos, "wine, must"), from γλυκύς ( glykýs, "sweet"). It is also on the list in combination with sodium chloride. Glucose, as intravenous sugar solution, is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In animals, glucose is released from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis.
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Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in its free state in fruits and other parts of plants. The glucose molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) as well as ring (cyclic) form. Glucose is a monosaccharide containing six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group, and is therefore an aldohexose. The naturally occurring form of glucose is d-glucose, while l-glucose is produced synthetically in comparatively small amounts and is less biologically active. Glucose circulates in the blood of animals as blood sugar. Glucose for metabolism is stored as a polymer, in plants mainly as starch and amylopectin, and in animals as glycogen. In energy metabolism, glucose is the most important source of energy in all organisms. Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight, where it is used to make cellulose in cell walls, the most abundant carbohydrate in the world. Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates. Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6.
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